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THE ELEMENTS OF POLICE HOSTAGE AND CRISIS NEGOTIATIONS

Critical Incidents and How to respond to them

By: James L. Greenstone

CHAPTER 1


In Chapter 1, You will able to know how the Negotiation Team select the best Negotiator. They provide different procedures in selecting members of the Negotiation Team. You may also learn some Definition of Terms like Hostage Situation, Barricaded Person and Barricaded Sniper. It deals also with the primary goal in a Hostage situation and Guidelines during Mobile hostage situations and the policy of the Negotiators and how to deal with the Media.

CHAPTER 2

In this Chapter, You will learn the 30 steps for successfully responding ho a hostage, barricaded, suicidal, or domestic situation. You can also learn in this chapter about Initial Intelligence. It also talks about how to gather information immediately in hostage and barricaded situations that the Negotiator and the SWAT may need this information upon arrival at the scene.

CHAPTER 3

In this chapter, It talks about how the Negotiator prepared his/ her Equipment, prepare his family because the job of the Negotiator is very difficult and critical, and also his/ her self. It deals also on how to respond to the scene and report to the command post.

CHAPTER 4

In this chapter, It deals with Organize Personnel at the scene and the legal guidelines for crisis intervention. You will also learned how to observe Telephone Surveillance Guidelines and Laws and also how to set up Telephone or other Communication systems.

CHAPTER 5

In this Chapter, You will be able to know how to review information on the Abnormal Psychology of the Hostage Takers and the Classification, Characteristics taught to Police Negotiators and the Negotiations Guidelines. You may also learn how to review Negotiation Strategies. It deals also on Hostage Negotiations Field Assessment and the Different sequence and their specific time- related segments.

CHAPTER 6

In this Chapter, It talks about the Greenstone Model of Crisis Intervention and Determine whether you have a hostage or crisis situation and the basic steps for contact with the hostage taker. You will also learned how to listen for demands, prepare for face to face Negotiation and how to set goals for negotiation and negotiations as team effort, keep the subject in Problem-Solving Mode. You will be able to know how to used pat words and phrases, also the Do's and Don'ts for hostage and crisis negotiators and understand why we do not trade hostages. You will be able to know when and how to call a time-out and how to respond.

CHAPTER 7

In this chapter, You will know the guidelines in the process of subject surrender.

CHAPTER 8

In this chapter, You will learn how to debrief the hostage negotiation team and the used of the debriefing sheet. you will be able to know also how to review the 10 most serious errors.

CHAPTER 9

In this Chapter, you may be able to know how to consider risk factors, know when to terminate Utilities, know how to win and lose as a team. You will be able to know how to survive if you are taken hostage.

CHAPTER 10

This Chapter helps us to know the different procedures in responding to a suicidal subject and know how to usethe Lethality scale and also on confronting adolescent suicide.

CHAPTER11

In this Chapter, You may able to know how to used self-relaxation skills, understand the sign of jobstress and burn out, develop personal survival skills.

CHAPTER 12

In this chapter, You will learned how to ask the right questions, understand the messages, the nature of distortions. also when and how to ask questions and how to deal effectively with silence. You will be able to learn to understand content and feelings, respond to the subject effectivelyand how to be aware of non- verbal messages and know the roadblocks to effective communication.

CHAPTER 13

In this Chapter, You will be able to know how to plan and prepare equipment. The list of recommended personal equipment, assemble and maintain team Equipment. The list of recommended team equipment. The Equipment policy for Police Negotiations Team.

CHAPTER 14

This Chapter, You will be able to Learn the Laws of Hostage and Crisis Negotiations.

INTRODUCTION TO CRIMINOLOGY WITH VICTIMOLOGY

Chapeter 1

NATURE OF CRIMINOLOGY

    This chapter defines the meaning of Criminology and explain the Principal Division of Criminology.
 
What is Criminology?
Criminology is a body of knowledge regarding crimes as a social phenomenon. It includes within its scope, the making of laws, the breaking of laws, and the reactions of the entire society towards the breaking of laws.

Principal Division of Criminology
1. Criminal Etiology - is an attempt at scientific analysis of the causes of crime.
2. Sociology of Law - is an attempt at scientific analysis of the conditiion under which peanal/criminal laws develop as a process of formal social control
3. Penology - control the prevention of crime and the treatment of offenders.

Chapter 2

CRIMINOLOGY AND CRIMINALISTICS

    Criminology and Criminalistics are often give confusion in the mind of the people. Comparatively speaking, criminology is the study of ciminal people, and criminalistics is the study of criminal things, or the sum total of application of all sciences in crime detection. All things used in committing a crime are the subjects of criminalistics are known as Physical Evidence.

Divisions of Criminalistics
   
    There are six division of criminalistics. The first three are scientific and the other three are technological.

1. Scientific
    a. Chemistry
    b. Physics
    c. Biology

2. Technological
    a. Questioned document examination
    b. Firearms identification
    c. Fingerprint identification

Chapter 3

MAN AS THE FOCAL POINT OF INTEREST

    Human society is a unique and complex. Man's personality, action, including his behavioral movement and work activities are some factors that make a human society unique and complex. It has a dynamic universal mind capable of growth and development.

Chapter 4

CRIMINAL ETIOLOGY

    Any attempt at scientific studies of the causes of crime, two thins or objects should be considered and these are: man and his criminal behavior, in relation to criminal or penal law. which is defined as that branch of municipal or state law which defines crimes, treats to their nature, provide for their punishment. In effect, identifying the causes of a crime is a primodial consideration in the program of attaining peace and order.

Chapter 5

CRIMINOLOGICAL SCHOOLS AND CAUSATION OF CRIME

1. The Cartographical School - concerned primarily with the distribution of crimes in certain areas, both geographical and social. The notion was, and is that the crime is caused by the conflicts of values arising when legal norms that are specific to the lower socio-economic classes, or are groups, religious groups and interests groups living in certain geographical areas.

2. The Sociolistic School - the basic idea is that poverty results from private ownership of the means of production and from exploration of the working classes. This poverty in turn causes people to be proponents of these idea.

The Problem of Poverty and its Causes

    1. Physical Environment - unfavorable climatic conditions
    2. Unfavorable Economic Conditions - increase the prices of commodities
    3. Social Environment - unsanitary living condition
    4. Defects in Government - Political corruption
    5. Defects in Education - lack of industrial and agricultural training

3. The Psychiatric School - The central thesis of the Psychiatric School is that a certain organization of the personality develop entirely apart from criminal culture and will result in criminal behavior regardless of social institutions.

4. Sociological and Socio-Psychological School - It reputed the biological notions and developed a theory emphasizing the importance of "imitation" in crime causation. Their basic notion is that one behaves according to the customs of the society.

Chapter 6

APPROACHES TO THE EXPLANATION OF CRIME

A. Subjective Approaches

    This approach derived mainly form the biological, has sought for the explanation of crime in the form of abnormalities of aberration that primarily exist within the criminal himself. It has perpetuated an image of the offender as one who deviates from the standard of presumed psych-physical normality in ways adversely affecting his capacity to conform to acceptable standards of conduct. It had studied further about individual offender, thusly discovered the ultimate causes of crime to lie in the genetic congenital or development conditions.

B. Objective Approach

    The objective approach is derived form the social science point of view, that offenders are normal beings upon whom have played the external criminologic forces. It deals with the study of groups, social process and institutions as productive deviant behavior.

Chapter 7

VICTIMOLOGY

    Victimology is a branch of the study of criminology which deals with the study of an individual who has contributed to the commission of a crime or offense.

Some factors of victimization

1. Materialistic Culture
2. Sex Values
3. Decay of Discipline
4. Public Morality

Chapter 8

PENOLOGY

    Penology (from the Latin poena, "punishment") comprises penitentiary science: that concerned with the processes devised and adopted for the punishment, repression, and prevention of crime, and the treatment of prisoners.

THEORIES OF PUNISHMENT

1. Retribution or retalition
2. Expiation
3. Deterrence
4. Reformation
5. The Protection of Society.

JAIL ADMINISTRATION

What is Jail?

    Jail - is a correctional institution used to detain persons who are in the lawful custody of the government. This includes either accused persons awaiting trial or for those who have been convicted of a crime and are serving a sentence of less than one year. Jails are generally small penitentiaries run by individual counties and cities, though some jails in larger communities may be as large and hold as many inmates as regular prisons. "Jail" is also a synonym for "prison" in most countries (excluding the United States), especially when the facility is of a similar size as a correctional facility. As with prisons, some jails have different wings for certain types of offenders, and have work programs for inmates who demonstrate good behavior.


Defects of Present Day Jail

1. Inadequate, deteriorated, outmoded building, including failure to plan new construction at a long-range basis.
2. Inefficient personnel to provide safe and suitable supervision; lack of personnel standards with respect to qualification and training.
3. Failure to meet legal requirements covering proper segregation.
4. Overcrowding and lack of classification system.
5. Unsanitary conditions, both as to equipment and management.
6. Existence of unnecessary idleness owing to lack of construction work program.
7. Existence of the "Kangaroo Courts" and other discredited method of discipline.
8. Failure to make constructive use of prisoners' time through lack of proper educational and recreation programs.
9. Substandard food services and failure to meet modern standards of management and nutrition.
10. Inadequate medical services.
11. Lack of uniform records and statistics.
12. Politically dominated.


PARDON

    Pardon is a form of executive clemency which is exercised by the Chief Executive. It is in the grace and the recipient of the pardon is not entitled to it as a matter of right.

KINDS OF PARDON

1. Absolute Pardon - given without any condition attached to it.

2. Conditional Pardon -  the recipient is under obligation to comply strictly with the conditions imposed therein otherwise his non-compliance will result in the revocation of the pardon.

PAROLE

Parole - is a procedure by which prisoners are selected for release n the basis of individual response to the correctional institution and a service progress and by which they are provided with the necessary controls and guidance as they serve the remainder of their sentences within the free community.”


ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS OF PAROLE

1. That the offender is convicted;
2. That he serves part of his sentence in prison;
3. That he is released before the full expiration of his sentence;
4. That said released is conditional, depending on his good behavior; and
5. That he remains on parole until the expiration of his maximum sentence.


Chapter 9

THE SOCIOLOGY OF LAW

    Sociology of law is one of the three principal divisions of criminology. It is an attempt at scientific analysis of the conditions under which criminal laws develop as a consequence of a behavior or mankind for the good and welfare of the state and of the maintenance of peace and order and tranquility among citizens and any person sojourning therein.


Chapter 10

UNDERSTANDING CRIME

    In this chapter states that prevention of crime and delinquency is not only the sole duty and responsibility of the law enforcement agencies. It is also the duty and responsibility of every member of the community.

                           

Chapter 1

History And Ideas
   
          The aim of this short survey has been to examine have society throughout recorded history regulated sexuality. The general conclusion reached is that researchers and writers in the field have had very little to say about childhood sexuality. This is seen a deficit in that greater understanding and awareness of sexual issues relating to both adult and children could make important contribution to professional intervention into child sexual abuse cases.

Chapter 2

Developing And Response To Child Sexual Abuse

          The context in which the study which is the subject of this book took place. During the research in 1989, the children act and two criminal justice act were implemented. In 1992, the procedure for carrying out joint interviews was change significantly by the introduction of the memorandum of good practice. There are two key development characterize this period of child protection development. First was the shift from a front line led form of practice to a more top led strategy. The second was a retrenchment from the previous child rescue approach to child sexual abuse to a more defensive position and philosophy. The concern of the research is to examine what impact these changes had on child protection professionals and the way in which they carried out this work.

Chapter 3

Aims And Methodology

          The general aim of this chapter is, to examine how child sexual abuse is investigated and followed through by social workers and other child professionals. Second, is to examine how child sexual abuse work has been affected by the findings of the cleveland report and subsequent adviced and guidance from central goverment. the social service sexual abuse case is to focus of the research which social service department social workers respond to the demand of sexual abuse. A series of interviews ( 15 in all ) were held with groups of other child protection professional working with the eigth area team. These include:

> Police Officer (2)                                                         
> Police Surgeons (2)
> Clinical Medical Officer (3)
> Health Visitors (2)
> Social Service Department Child Protection Manager (2)
> School Teachers (2)
> Education Welfare Officers (1)
> Probation Officers (1)

Chapter 4

Setting The Scene

          In county's approaches to child sexual abuse was mos in line with cleveland recommendation and goverment guidance in all aspects from parental participation to conference. The social service team were actively involved in developing good inter-agency coordition between all agencies. some social department social workers were still keen to coduct series of intervies with children to be at risk in order to elicit some evidence.

Chapter 5

The Cases

          These categorization are problematic in some ways and in some cases about hte veracity of the information. Category 4, is based on the information given by the child to professionals which migth understand and extent of the abuse that actually occured. Category 2, is based on account of the family history given at conference and the reaction of parents to allegation as described by social workers. Category 10, is based on a judgement of a young person's view of relationship. Finally, as has already benn noted some case could have been place in more one categoy.

Chapter 6

Ivestigating Child SExual Abuse

          three case was neither of these criteria fulfilled. The first, was a combination of factors leading to professionals being particular concerned vague allegation made by children, sexualized behavior of a child at school and generally deprived living condition. Second, the father of two boys with disabilities were concernabout general standards of care and material condotion in family home. And third, a three old child cared for by her mother, who herself had been sexually abuse and whose behavior was giving professional cause for concernthat her child was also at risk of some form of sexual abuse. Younger children, seven of the 25 children who subject to join interview, the age range of the children was between two and eigth. Older children, eighteen children who were join interviewed were age between 10 and 15 medical examinations were held in 14 of the 40 case. six of children were examined by two doctors, police surgeons and paediatricians in seacost and city. The majority of investigation seen to be reasonably well conducted and sensitvie to the need and wishes of the children.

Chapter 7

Protection Children And Helping Families

          This chapter has reviewed decision making at child protection conference and work done with children and families. Two factors of particular concern. First, was lack of clear decision making in a significant minority of cases.  Seconjd, many of the families who were the subject of child protection conference because of concern about sexual abuse including considerable deprivation. Many social worker seem to be aware of those of non-abusing parents. On the more postive side, steps were taken to ensure that nearly all children were protected from the alleged abusers pending further investigation and decision making.

Chapter 8

Ongoing Work With Families In The 6 Months Followong conference

          It was notable that in five of this cases the conference was held well after the allegation were first made. the main feature in 25 cases had been to lie lip loose ends that was carried out by social service personnel. Little specialist help other than that provided by social workers was available to families. there was very little social worker input in relation to alleged abusers, whose main involvement was with the police. arraging care was a major feature of the several casesto tackle sexual abuse issues less directly.

Chapter 9

Two Years On From The Initial Conference

          ten cases were cases close between six month and two years, because there were luck of progress. just over a third of all cases (15) remain throughout the years. And eight of these were involved children being in care even for the whole period or for a part of it. As far as the record show, the rate of actualreabuse in this case was very low 2 out of 40 cases, should be remember that actual abuse was not the concern of all initial child protection conference. The overall gained of the impect of intervention over two years, was the social work and other professional involvement had some impact on the child in sexual abuse.

Chapter 10

Social Work Practice And Child Sexual Abuse

          If we apply this thinking to child protection practice we can see that this is particular true. Politician expect that welfare professional should be able to protect children in their own families without being overintrusive. First reliance is place on reabuse being reported, second the time limit of two years is an abritrary one, usually determined by the practical limitations placed on research by funding. Third, it is important tobe very precise about definition of reabuse. Fourth, whatever reabuse or not, it is likely to be hard to demonstrate that there is a link between this and child protection and intervention.

Chapter 11

Managing Child Sexual Abuse

          These research which has formed in the main body of this book. The current child protection system has been place in roughly the same form for over 20 years now. The concern of the child protection system from the early 1970s until the the mid-1980s was the physical of children and, to a lesser extent, general negleck. at this time concern that social workers sufficiently child protective had been fuelled by the findings of the backford inquiry. There was some flexibility in the investigative work, often dictated by resourse shortages and the unavailability of personnel. The general lack of specialism among team leaders created problems from them in managing interventions and meant that social workers did not have security of discussing cases with experienced supervisors. Society clearly has an expectation that such abuse will be controlled in some way, and it has placed lead resposibility for this work on social service department workers.






         

POLYGRAPH TESTINGS
By: MURRAY KLEINER

Chapter 1: Comparison Questioned Test (CQT)

          Comparison Questioned Test Techniques are complex and controversial methods that are extensively employed in investigation and administrative evidentiary proceedings. There are also many myths concerning their accuracy and effectiveness and the ways in which they are employed. This chapter had attempted to describe the various methods, along which their strengths and weaknesses, and the scientific evidence concerning their validity.


Chapter 2: The Guilty Knowledge Test (GKT) as an application of psychology:
                 Future Prospects and Obstacles

          In this chapter I analyzed the GKT and discussed both its advantage over alternative methods of psychological detection and its weaknesses. It is showed that the GKT is base on the proper controls, such as, that if the critical crime related information has not been leaked, maximal protection can be provided for innocent suspects.


Chapter 3: A Critical Review of the Control Questioned Test (CQT)

          There are six major arguments indicating basic flaws in CQT polygraph examinations were raised. These flaws undermine the scientific basis of these techniques.

1. There is a basic flaw in the rationale of CQT, a flaw related to the selection of Control Questions and their lack of equivalence to the relevant questioned.

2. The CQT is not standardized test, and therefore it is unjustified to use it as a basis for comparison of any sort.

3. The CQT does not rely upon objective methods of quantifying the physiological measures.

4. The CQT contains an element of contamination.

5. The CQT is vulnerable to both physical and mental counter measures.

6. And finally, there is neither sound empirical. Researched based evidence that indicates any kind of validity for CQT polygraph test under realistic interrogative situation.


Chapter 4: The Pre-Test Interview, A Preliminary Framework

          In this chapter they have a preliminary framework for organizing pre-test research and theory. They argued that the role of examiner in the pre-test interview is to manage the examinees attitudes, behavior, thoughts, and feelings in such that promotes the appropriate focus of concern in examinees. Their goal is to inspire research, reflection, and professional dialog or various aspects of the pre-test interview.


Chapter 5: The Polygraph In Personnel Screening

          Like all tools, the polygraph in itself is neither inherently good nor evil. Examples of both are found in history, and it is the application of the polygraph and its decision that indicate its value.


Chapter 6: Event Related Potentials In The Detection Of Deception Malingering,
                 And False Memories         

          In this chapter there is a great deal of work to be done in diagram development and selection which will depend on the needs on the potential users, and in the turning of individualized analysis methods, particularly on profile and latency.


Chapter 7: Legal Aspects Of Polygraph Admissibility In The Philippines

          Throughout the history of the treatment of polygraph evidence in the Philippines there has been a clear pattern of apprehension and exclusion, with only occasional exceptions allowing the evidence to be admitted. The general legal rules and theories of admission of evidence, and of scientific evidence in particular would seem to favor polygraph admission, but those theories tend to be ignored or applied in usual stringent ways to exclude polygraph evince.



Edited by: Molina, Ruel Alfred L.

TITLE OF BOOK: WHITE COLLAR CRIME IN AMERICA
AUTHOR: JAY S. ALBANESE
              Professor and Director
              Graduate Program in Criminal Justice Administration

CHAPTER 1
THE NATURE OF WHITE COLLAR CRIME
Most dangerous criminla are like elephants, difficult to define but easy to recoggnise.
-----Lord Justice Lawton(1981)

Defines white-collar crime in specific terms, showing how it can be characterized by a distinct constellation of offenses with similar characteristics.

Three-Part typology

1. Crimes of theft
2. Crimes Against Public Administration
3. Regulatory Offenses


CHAPTER 2
COMSPIRACY:THE CHARACTERISTIC WHITE-COLLAR CRIME
You may think a crime horrible because you could never commit it. i think it horriblr because i could commit it.
-----G.K Chesterton(1927)

Talks about the boundaries of the crime of conspiracy that lies at the heart of the concept of white-collar crime. Using a plethora of actual case examples, the planning and organizing behind white-collar crimes are fully explained.

CHAPTER 3
CRIMES OF FRAUD
From the least one even to the greattes one,each one is making unjust gain.
-----Jeremiah 8:10

Further specifies the nature of the white collar crimes of theft, using actual court challenges that illustrate the elements of these offenses.

The four white-collar crimes of Theft are
1. embezzlement
2.extortion
3. fogery
4.frauf

CHAPTER4
OFFENSES AGAINST PBULIC ADMINISTRATION
A friend taht you buy with presnts will be bought from you.
-----Thomas Fuller(1732)

Reviews the elements of the four offenses against public administration to make clear their similarities and differences in the context of actual court cases.

Crimes againts Public Administration

1. Bribery
2. Obsruction of Justice
3. Official Misconduct
4. Perjury

CHAPTER 5
REGULATORY OFFENSES
A criminal is a person with predatory instincts who has not sufficient capital to form a corporation.
-----Howrad Scott

Examines the distinctions among the various types of regulatory offenses that constitute the third category of white-collar crime.

Regulatory offenses

1. Admisnistrative violations
2. Environment Violations
3. Labor violations
4. Manufacturing violations
5. Unfair trade pratices

CHAPTER 6
THE EXTENT OF WHITE-COLLAR CRIME
Most men only commit great crimes because of their scruples about petty ones
-----Cardinal de Retz(1718)

Reviews what is known about the extent of various forms of white collar crime in the United State. It reveals that there is less known about these offenses than there is about less serious forms of criminal behavior

CHAPTER 7
THE CAUSES OF WHITE-COLLAR CRIME
If the camel once gets his nose in the tent, his body will soon follow.
-----Arabic Proverb

It talks about analyzes several influential explanations of white collar crime. Their consequences for prevention strategies are also examined. A new explanation, one base on ethical principle, is described. The discussion also shows how successful control strategies are most often base on a precise understanding of the causes the misbehavior.

Primary Cause of Crime

1. External Facrtors(usually social and economic)
2. Freee-will decision(guided by hedonistic tendency to maximize pleasure and minimize pain)
3. Political and economic conditions that promote a culture of competttive individualism in which individual gain becomes more important than the social good.
4. Free-will decision guided by ethical principles unknown to most people(that involve prioritizing of values in unclear situations based on the failire of illegal conduct to bring pleasure)

CHAPTER 8
ENFORCEMENT, PROSECUTION, ANS DEFENSE ALTERNATIVES
There is no den in the wide world to hide a rogue, Commit a crime and the earth is made of glass.
-----Railh Waldo Emerson(1841)

Reviews the investigation techniques, prosecution avenues, and defense strategies peculiar to white-collar crime cases. The role of administration hearings, consent decrees and other relevant methods is examined there, and an assessment of prosecution tools and defense alternatives in white-collar cases is also included.

CHAPTER 9
CRIMINAL SENTENCES AND OTHER REMEDIES
I am surprised, in visiting jails, to find so few respectable looking convicts.
-----Charles Dudley Warner(1873)

It provides an analysis of sentence imposed in white-collar crime cases. These outcomes are compared with traditional "street" crimes, as well as with public order offenses. Efforts to employ innovative sentences in white-collar cases are reviewed.

CHAPTER 10
WOMEN IN WHITE- COLLAR CRIME
Women are not men's equals in anything except responsibilit. We are not their inferiors, either, or even their superiors. we are quite simply different races.
------Phyllis Ginley(1959)

Examines the changing role of women in white-collar crime. it is shown that the nature of female involvement has been dependent on several pivotal factors arising from the growing female presence in the work force.

CHAPTER 11

ORGANIZED CRIME INFILTRATION OF LEGIMATE BUSINESS
crime in every possibble to the stage where the little unorganised participant hasn't much chance of succes.
-------Emanuel H. Lavine(1930)

It provides an innovative look at the growing phenomenon of business in infiltration and exploitation by criminals. This has been accomplished in the past external organized crime elements and in some cases, by internal business managers. An assessment of this problem, together with an analysis of organized crime prosecutions nationwide that have involved business-type activities, is presented. A prediction model, designed to forecast business susceptible to such infiltration, is included.

CHAPTER 12

THE FUTURE OF WHITE-COLLAR CRIME
We love justice greatly, and just men but little
-----joseph Roux(1886)

Offers five proposition that will define the future of white-collar crime. How these five factors will change the nature incidence, and response to these crimes is discussed.

chapter:1 Definitions and typologies.

The purpose fo this chapter is to introduce a general frame work which you can examine terrorism. many people have attemted to define terrorism, but almost eveybody has encountered problems doing so. Definitions of terrorism tend to reflect political bases, also, terrorism is highly emotional and pejorative term. no definition, moreover, has been able to embrace all the terrorism. Typologies help the definition dilemma, if they are limietd to generalization. remember. that typologies do not propvide details, and they are limited the assumtions in the modwel. three of the typologies were developed by  Brian Crizier J. Bowyer Bell, and Paul Wilkins, The Three typologies complement one another and be used to examine terrorism tactically. Such a typologies may help you conceptualize the process of terrorism, but you must remenber translational support, technology, and medi coverage the aura of a terrorist event.

Chapter:2 Justifying Illegitimate Violence

In This chapter, you will focus the criminological aspects of terrorism. every person cause must ultimately be able to justify the use of viloence of terrorsit are no different. terrorist must be able to justify their, atleast to their own satisfaction. A Variety of theories has been proposed to explain the process of Justifiction Some focus on the individual, others on the group to post and couper's  positions offer behavioral explanations of the process of justification and one of the most oldest methods to justifying viloence argue that the and Justifies the means. this argument has also been used to Justify terrorism. terrorist frequently believe that a new age is coming that will replace the suffering of the current world. if the violence is neccesary  to usher in the new age. then its employment to is justified.

Chapter:3 The Structure and Dynamics of Terrorst Groups

In This chapter Terrorism are group of socially organized, managed,and organizational principles as any other group promising to provide a service. A Terrorist can campaign promises the greatest oppurtunity for success, but many terrorist activities remain isolated because  the lack of support of structures. most of terrorist groups never get beyond the 1st step.the most number of fewer than 50 people, and their campaign last under 18 months . but regardless of the size of a terrorist group.

Chapter:4 Terrorism in Latin America

In This chapter The Latin America How often been Characterized by violence, revolution and repression. political Fluctuations make ofr dufficult to understand terrorism in latin america,and.its colonial past and poverty serve to observe many issues. latin America terrorism take place within cycled of revolutions and  depression and has it own uinque flavor .Since The 1960 the works of persons and debray have underfined certain revolutionary movements in the tregion terrorism therefore developed in Latin Americ from an Anticolonial perspective.

Chapter:5 The Tupamaros or Uruguay and urban terrorism

In this chapter the tupamaros Surfaced in Uruguay. in 1950 to 1960 Uruguay could be called a Land of promises all factors seemed  to point  to  peace and property Raul Serdic was originally founded in Uruguay in 1963 in unfortunately in 1954 the Uruguay pronise started to fade. Even though has passed from the scene, it merits our consederation because it has had a major influence on world wide revolutionary terrorism. The tupamaros came to embody urban revolution, they offerd an alternative pattern for revolution in Latin America  and encourage groups from the united states and western Europe to attempt revolution wioth the small units.the tupamaros were modeled on the ideas of Carlos Mariguella  and helped spread his views throughtout the world.

Chapter:6 deathe Squads In Argentina and  EL Salvador

In this Chapter Deathe Squad formed  from Extra legal ppolice,military and civilian vigilante units suface and  security force lose faith in a Government od Believe it can no longer control opposition. some expert argue that death squds do not belonging in the general category of terrorism. they with to include then under the topic of political repression in instance in which the government is officially supporting the death squad activity. this position in valid but when they operate  outsude governmebnt channels they rae simply another version of terrorism. the 3 groups waged an assassination war between 1974 and 1976. the military took over the government in 1976, terrorism became a state. affair  Salvador death squads  also grew is respose to a fear revolution, but the struggle in EL Salvador is more closely wuth class stratification and land reform. the security foprce have accepted the logic of La Matanza in which thwe opposition to brutally murdered or frightened into submission.

Chapter:7 Nationalism and Holy War Terrorist traditoins in The Middle East

In This Chapter few areas in the world can compare with the complexities of terrorism in the midle east. turmoul in tye region results from conflicts between old and new the middle ages and the 20th century and from deeply feast religiuos, familial, and national convictins although the middle eastern terrorism originates  from these 3  district source they are in a synbiotic rwelationship the  force most unifying factor is hatred of israel and its allies of whom the united state is cinsidered to be the greatest.the future and middle eastern terrorism to reflect regional and international dimensions. Euriope became a primary battle ground for middle easter terrorist, with fellow arebs the main targets. one of the major danger of this international terrorism is its potential for escalation into general war.

chapter:8 The PLO The Intifida and Hamas

In this Chapter tye modern terrorism is a reflection of th growth of both democracy and abrchist violence. terrorism could not have grown without democracy and it originated with radical democrats left.notionalist were the 1st gruop to understand and exploit the signifinace of anarchist violence. the role of democracy is hostsly delated among terrorism authorities. one group maintains that democracy helps terrorism flourish. another argues that democracy should not be changed in response to trrorist violence  and that individual freedom has to do with terrorism.

chapter:9 ABU NIDAL, HIZBOLLAH and ISLAMIC JIHAD

In This Chapter 3 groups ahve complicated the process of terrorism in the middle east the abu nidal group, hizbollah, and  the islamic jihad abu nidal grew from the PLO bur split from arfat in 1975 he embraced several different  philosopies and several different nations, his largest base of support is  libya abu nidals organizational has been the key to is success. it looks very much like other terroristorganizational wityh 2 major exceptions 1st it has multinatuional base 2nd it is cintrolled by strict discipline. abu nidal has killed nearly one 3rd of the members of his organization to make sure that his wishes are followed. hizbollah came drectly from the iranian revolution.l   

 
Chapter:10 Terrorist tradition in the west

the modern terrorist groups in europe and the unted states have emerged from the west radical past. they lock maas appeal and tend to fragment as they expand. the growth of western terrorism can be confusinf to track because it took place at a time latin america and middle eastyern forms.

Chapter:11 Irealand and the security problem

the ireland attempts to replace with angilican theology the irb was created in the mind  1800 to serve as a relief organizational for the prior. although the most orange and green terrorist are trying to discript the peace the ira officially the ira abondoned vilence in 1944

chapter:12 Indigenous terrorism in europe

The communist revolutionary terrorist group tried to reform a union under direct victim the europe union is threatened by foreign terrorist who carry thier battles across relaxed frontiers. europe was battleground for middle eastern terrorist in the 1980. although the group have changed to trend has continued in the 1990.

Chapter:13 terrorism in the united states

it is an emotional topic penetrating intense passionate action  on both sdes in 1990 the anti abortion violence  increased as individuals  attacked the clinic bombings and arm increased and in same cases workers were murdered. you will be in undated witrh material because the rigth wingers are anxius to hell yo tha they believe.

Chapter:14 Other form or international terrorism

the tamil rebbellion in sri lanka involves in violence the sri lanka was experienced guerilla war fare na the tamil have waged off again terrorist againts the indian the sri lanka government.

chapter:15 isues in counterroism

some selec ted countries that terrorism poses for security forces counterorist tactics and policies are bound to be controversial because we cannotpoint to a single causer of terrorism and we what sure what security policies prevent it as result counterterroristy discussions and action often guided by ideology.

  Chapter:16 Terrorism and the Media

In this chapter introduced the most controversial aspects of counter terrorism the relation of the media  to terrorism. has become a form of political communication. they conclude that the media give terrorism a forum and some attempt to the media. the effectiveness of this strategy is questioned.

Chapter:17 policy technology and the future

that we must evaluate each case seperately when we form policy. stansfield rather some guidelines for policy, urging americans to rekc practical solutions rather than diogratic stances. 



 

                                                   
                                                      TITLE: UNDERSTANDING CRIME  PREVENTION
                                                                    AUTHOR: GORDON HUGHES

CHAPTER ONE: MAPPING THE TERRAIN OF CRIME PREVENTION
SUMMARY: Chapter 1 introduces the notoriously "slippery" concept of crime prevention by mapping the compering definitions of the term in contemporary criminology. It is argued that there is no clear conceptual consensus as to what the boundaries of crime prevention are although there is an important settlement about "crime" as he object of prevention discourses. accordingly, this chapter examines critically the dominant definitions and attempted "typologies" of crime prevention in criminology.

CHAPTER TWO: CLASSICISM AND THE DETERRENT PRESENCES OF THE MODERN STATE
SUMMARY: Chapter 2 presents the key intellectual tenets of the classical school of criminology and its theory of prevention.                  This body of work is contextualized as a product of modernity and a reaction against "traditional" practices of retributive punishment. The conceptual flaws in this discourse are examined next together with the recognition of its abiding influence on, and important to, the workings of contemporary criminal justice and crime prevention.

CHAPTER THREE: POSITIVISM AND CURE OF "CRIMINAL MAN"
SUMMARY: Chapter examines the past and present "traces" of this historically dominant criminological discourses and explores he question of why positivist discourses will not go away in the contemporary politics and practices of crime prevention. The chapter begins with an outline of the "Lombrosian Project" before focusing on twentieth-century developments around both psychological sociological positivism's. Particular attention is given to the chequered history of rehabilitation as prevention.

CHAPTER FOUR: SITUATIONAL CRIME PREVENTION: THE PRAGMATICS OF CRIME CONTROL
SUMMARY: Chapter 4 examines the main tenets and "effects" of the situational discourse which focuses on controlling the opportunities to commit crime and the management or individualized risks.

CHAPTER FIVE: MULTI-AGENCY PARTNERSHIP: MANAGING CORPORATE CRIME
SUMMARY: Chapter 5 focuses on the emergence of the strategy of "managerialist", multi-agency crime prevention-epitomized by powerful appeals to "partnership" and "community safety"- and how this development may be best understood. It is suggested that this new form of "governance" of crime, drawing on both "situational" and "social" interventions, offers both regressive and progressive potentialities.

CHAPTER SIX: COMMUNITARIANISM: BRINGING "THE SOCIAL" BACK INTO CRIME PREVENTION
SUMMARY: Chapter 6 discusses the competing discourses of communitarian crime prevention. in particular, I examine the conservative , and currently dominant, appeal of moral communitarianism. The chapter then examines what I term radical/ progressive variants of communitarianism, focusing on left pluralist, social democratic and abolitionists work. The consequences of both conservative and progressive discourses of communitarisms for crime prevention in particular and social justice in general are critically explored.

CHAPTER SEVEN: THE FUTURES OF CRIME CONTROL IN LATE MODERNITY
SUMMARY: Chapter 7 discusses the implications of the dominant trends in late modernity for the futures of crime control across much of world. this chapter concludes by arguing that these Dystopian and Utopian scenarios are not likely to be realized in the "pure" form presented in these heuristic models. Furthermore, I argue that it is impossible to understand adequately the changing modes of crime control without a close and critical engagement with the wider politics of social orde in late modernity.

Police in community relations
Critical issues
Second edition
By: Steven M. Cox And Jack D. Fitzgerald

                                                        Introduction

         This is all about relationships between city and police and the citizens they are sworn to protect and serve. We will explore selected aspects of this relationship, some of problems and solutions that have been proposed. Improving police community relationships should be a top priority of the police departments and the leaders.

          The impact of policing activities on the quality of life. The center position of the police in the community critically affectsall sections of society. The multiple duties of the police at all times and in all areas of the community dictate that they must influence the daily of each citizens.

Chapter 1

          Human relations- individual police officers interacting with each other individual citizens-are basic to police community. It involves what we to do and with each other during person-to-person contacts.
         
          Human relationships training programs- implemented by many police departments will help clarify the concept. The purpose was to help participants understand and relate to each other better, not just as police officers and minorities, but also as fellow citizens and human beings.

          Public relations-forming good working relationships with community organizations (churches, neighborhoods, citizen groups). Helping organize new groups that help citizen’s police themselves.

           Community relations- is compromised of the combined effects of human and public relations. Police community relations the sum total of human and public relations. Police community relations may be either with each other citizens (human relations) and collective images each holds of the other.

Chapter 2

Police community relations-yesterday and today

             It is evident that many of the problems in police community relations have deep roots. It also is apparent that these problems are not created by the police or the public, but result from inconsistencies, misperceptions and misbehavior on both sides.

             It should be stressed that both the human relations and the public relations aspects of police community have played and continue to play important roles. Encounters between individual police officers and the individual of the community have led to many of the misperceptions held by both sides: perhaps future such encounters, based upon improved mutual understanding, will be more positive. Attempts to improve both human and public relations are currently underway in many police departments.

Chapter 3

Human relations and the police

        Human relations are one of the key components in police community relations. Improving the quality of human relations depend on paying attention to what happen during the many daily person-to-person encounters between the police officers and the citizens.

        Police officers often find themselves dealing with the people who are different from them in culture, race, gender, age, and life-style human relations training programs are intended to increase participant’s sensitivity to these human differences. And there us much to be gained from the effort “for if it is what people do rather than what people are that causes problems” then some can indeed be prevented.

Chapter 4

Police public relations

         Police public relations are an important component of police community relations. Public relations include all of the activities engaged in by the police in an attempt to develop or maintain public image.

         The strategies and techniques for improving public relations are available to police personnel. The appearance and bearing of police officers, the equipment they use, the speeches they give and other behavior are all important to public relations. Public programs, open houses and public meetings may be used to improve the police image.

Chapter 5

Youth public relations

           Police encounters with juvenile constitute a significant portion of police interactions with other citizens. Some of these are part of a police department effort to demonstrate concern for and a willingness to work with youth. The aims of such programs are to built trust and respect for the law and the police officers in the community and to prevent crime and improve police community relations.

Chapter 6

Crowds and the police

            Crowds are universal phenomena: so also are conflicts within communities sometimes social conflicts are expressed through collective behavior in the form of crowd action. Crowds resorting to violence are most likely to emerge in communities where social stress exists.

             The social service concept of the police function is viewed as more important than the law enforcement function: the police riot control, when necessary, must be highly disciplined. When the police are successful, the conflict is either contained. Preventing irreparable damage to the society or the attention and the action are channeled into other areas where the conflict may be resolved.

Chapter 7

Policing in police areas

        In spite of these difficulties, there is s good deal that is positive about rural and small-town policing. Close contact with community residents and a growing interest in training and education reflect positively on opportunities for developing and maintaining good police community relations in rural areas.

Chapter 8

Racial and ethnic minorities and the police

         Police minority relations have been the most controversial area in police community relations. Racial and ethnic minorities have been the objects of a great deal of discrimination on the part of the dominant group in society and the police.

          Problems in police minority relations result from negative feelings and action on the part of members of different groups interacting with one another and positive feelings and the actions toward in-group members. All groups, including minorities, harbor feelings of prejudice and have their own way of discriminating against outsiders.

          Improving police training in the area of human relations using honest public relations techniques, providing for evaluation development and planning of all community relation’s efforts are other way to improve police minority relations.

Chapter 9

Women and minority police officers

          The EEOA (equal employment opportunity act) and the court supporting it has made it possible for greater number of women and minorities to purse careers in work. On positive side, this provides chances for advancement to member of minority groups, increases the size, of the qualified applicant pool, and demonstrated that individuals of different sizes, sexes, and color can perform the police function. On the negative side, minority recruitment places stresses on the public institutions; these may temporarily increase instead decrease hostility between black and white, female and male.

Chapter 10

Training the police in community relations and types of police sponsored community relations programs

            Although many police are not interested in learning about community relations, there is evidence that education and training in community relations are essential for all enforcement personnel. We are all familiar with human interactions, but we are not experts in analyzing these interactions or in understanding the attitudes and the belief of others. In service training a belief that community relations are a vital parts of every police officers duties and responsibility and well-planned programs are all required for positive interactions with citizens.

             The ultimate goals are to increase police interaction withw each other citizens, to improve communication between two groups, and to eliminate negative by encouraging individual interaction. Experimentations is valueable assets in police sponsored community relations programs.

                                                Edited by: Layug, Lyn B.
                                

                                                                ''CHAPTER I''
                                            "POLICE ETHICS AND COMMUNITY RELATIONS"

                                                                            ''CHAPTER I''
    ETHICS
            Etymologically, ethics is derived from the greek word "'ethicos"', or that which pertains to ethos, which the english translation is custom or character.
    ethics and moralit-in fact there is no distinction betweeen ethics snd morality since the two words, ethics came from greek word ''ethos'' which greek wOrd ''mos'' which also means custom. in other words, morality is nothing else but a doing of ethics.
      valuesare importantthings that a person wishes to achieve or to accomplish or simply it is something to treasure or something meritious if done.
      ethics is a set of moral values; the principles of conduct governing an individual nor a group . police ethics is the practical science thet treats of the principles of human morality and duty as applied to law enforcement.
that a person wishes to achieve or to accomplish or simply it is something to treasure or something meritious if done.
      ethics is a set of moral values; the principles of conduct governing an individual nor a group . police ethics is the practical science the treats of the principles of human morality and duty as applied to law enforcement.

                                                                        "'CHAPTER II"'
                                                  POLICE BEHAVIOR AND ETHICAL STANDARD
      The behavior of the police officers is one of the most interesting areas of study in the social sciences.the three types of standard for police behavior are; 1) ethical standard-reflected in the code of ethics of professional policeman,2) organizational and political standards-included those by  individual police department. 3) legal standard- are derived primarily from substantive and procedural criminal laws.
        the police simply means the public officials with the extra ordinary powers of arrest who performs the direct police service of patrol, criminal investigation, and/or traffic control.
                                                                      ''CHAPTER III''
                                  ''THE ROLE OF THE POLICE AND THE COMMUNITY ENVIRONMENT''
      Respect that the police consider the importance of the community in their task of maintaining peace and resolving crimes that happened almost every minute. in other words the community and the police depend each other. people in the community have the duty to inform the police of everything of what they saw, heard, felt, and observed in the locality.this is why the relationship between the police and community as partners in crime preve3ntion and crime suppression is indispensable. the three aspect of community relations;  community service, community participation, and public relations
      these relations require varying degrees of inter-action and interdependence and therfore, different levels of social, politicaland economic exchanges.
                                                                    ''CHAPTER IV''
                                                          ''COMMUNITY POLICING''
      the Napolcom provincial officers of all provinces throughout the Philippines have been ordered by their respective regional director to think of a program to promote the aims and objectives of the crime prevention week that is being held every first week of September every year.
      in higher level of the police organization in the province or region, periodicals can be published by police units in the cities or towns. this periodicals can present achievement of the police regional or provincial levels. this can also promote the image the police the same as that newsletter. the police regional officer of the PNP can allocate funds for the purpose as part of their PCR (police-community relations) campaign.
                                                                    ''CHAPTER V''
                                  ''CRIME PREVENTION AND CRIMINAL JUSTICE PROGRAMS''
    According to heinzelmann, in general, the results of these evolution are favorable, indicating that community crime prevention programs can serve to reduce crime and fear, and at the same time improve the quality of life and the economic viability of urban neighborhoods and commercial settings.
      the criminal justice system includes law enforcement or the police thought not primarily, the prosecution, the court, the correction and the community. a major challenge to the criminal justice system is balancing liberty and security. as our society has changed, so most the criminal justice system that serve it. many of the trends that affect the criminal justice system directly affect the type of programs police department units should implement to improve community relations.
      the different components of the criminal justice system, once acted together with the utmost cooperation and with coordination can greatly enhance the community problem-oriented policing. once the police focus more on the problem of the community rather than to wait what actually happened, the police will likely find the root of the problem.
                                                                                  ''CHAPTER VI''
                                                    ''DRAWBACKS IN ENHANCING GOOD IMAGE OF THE PNP''
      Creating positive image to the community is easy to say than done. this must be jointly done by policeman. Each everyone in the organization most actively participate in the objectives set by the entire organization. the must be unity in participating the planned programs of action and forecast, the police must be role models of the youth in advocating discipline , morality, honesty, tactfulness, and wisdom of action.
      low morale can make works without dynamism direction, lost craving for success and decreasing effort to accomplish mission, in sense, they became a robot. they work only as they are tasked to do. definitely, what we can expect from them is a quality performance which not expected desired from them, as their effort is minimal.       

Part-1
      The police plays an important role in the community also a symbol of the government. He is the protector of the citizen from unlawful acts of commission or omission. Every policeman must be trained physically fit,adequately compensated and  equipped with proper tolls and  gears. They must be responsible for what have they doing report the incident happen to his precinct immediately and to his superiors.

    Telecommunication is the electrical  means of sending and receiving a message or information. The intelligence can be sent  by telephone. The criminology student can use this text book as a reference or  review for the civil service  examination for the civil service examination for the various police ranks can use this text book to advantage.

      This police network may utilize several types of communication channels like telephones, facsimile, radio, telegraph or teletype. By and large,the exchange of messages will be for the effective administration and operation of the police organizations in serving the public. The book discuss the history of the police telephone system from the portable type to manual switch boards to automatic telephone system.
Part-2
      Man's ability to communicate and in written from was the start of his gregarious living. In the transference of thoughts and ideas,man developed the medium of the common language and the channel the means though which the language can be transferred.
Part-3
      In the order be more  efficient and truly effective,the time  has  come for  the modern police department to  use  communications and  electronics  devices. These equipment can be for a small police  department in a tiny community or for  that of a thickly populated metropolitan city. Telephone,cell phone, radio, teletype and various electronics equipment like tape recorders will always be  a part ad parcel of the modern and effective police organization of today.
Part-4
        Police communication operation will be  easier if certain have essential requirement are fulfilled prior and operation. We have mentioned that there should be a detailed planning for the whole system,this planning should always include adequate logistics support sound maintenance program adequate training and good organization.
Part-5
        After the completion of project in fifty four provinces 18 cities/municipalities n the greater manila area, the Law-enforcement communications system (LECS) has been proven to be worthy of  the trust, expense and confidence given to it by our  citizen.
Part-6
          No police department  anywhere can  function effectively without a telephone system of any type. Truth to tell,a peace department can exist without radio facilities  but  not without telephone.
Part-7
            The use of two way radios police work is an absolute necessity for efficiency and effectiveness. Radios of today are compact, rugged, reliable, and adequate for police wok. cost has been so reduced and is within the means of most police organizations.
Part-8
            If the effectiveness of police administration and operation have to be further improved, certainly , installation of teletype and facsimile must be considered. teletype is ideal for administrative channel as it leaves records even in mltiple coies in one or more station simultaneously, at the same time it re-lives the telephone, while radio circuit becomes less congested.
Part-9
          No law enforcement agency of today can operate and function effectively and efficiently without the use of electronic device.The device can be simply portable amplifier for the traffic policeman at the busy thoroughfare the electronic data processing system to the record and files unit of a large metropolitan police department 
Part-10
        The life of the police communication system lies in it maintenance program. Police equipment through use and normal and tear to go out of order and repair should immediately be done by technicians whose expertise is broad and unqwuestionable
Part-11 
          To have a good communication system there must be good planning behind it. Planning a police communication system for a big metropolitan police department should be given only to the professional electronics and communication engineers.
Part-12
        The dispatchers play a vital role in the police communication system. the dispatcher is the voice of local chief of police and where ever he transmit should be treated with care and concern.
Part-13
        All radio, telecoms and t.v facilities and system required the specific authority from the radio office. With the advent of 1081, and the issuance of LI13-a  and P.D No. 36, further restriction of the installation operation and other activities are in effect.
Part-14
        Your police department is your insurance for law and order, peace and tranquility and public safety in your community. Where ever you go the local police organizations have the same objectives like the ones in your locality
         

Critical Issues In
Criminal Investigation
Edited by : Michael Palmioto

Chapter 1.

Introduction

In chapter one based of my own understanding Investigation it is very hard and difficult work to study and analyze because every single word are very important to make proper and clear investigation although  Investigation requires a knowledge , disciplines , logic , techniques and skill to become a successful investigator.

Chapter 2

:)Investigative Ethics

In chapter 2 if you see the contents of the investigative ethics because in our modern time now then are more improvement because of the new technology because of the knowledge of the people ethics can be defined as the practical normative of rightness and wrongness of human conduct.


In investigative, there are :

1. Entrapment of police action to arrest  the person for violation of the law
2. Courtroom deception – In court room (if you) predisposed to engage final conclusion involving interview , report and evidence gathering.
3. Narcotics – it should hardly be surpassing that some investigator report to un ethical behavior during the drug inquiry.
4. Remedies – No one can be force to embrace  another’s ethical behavior pattern.
5. Interrogation – For a confession or admission of guilt to be valid in the courtroom it must undergo the traditional test of voluntaries

Chapter 3.

Crime Pattern Analysis an investigative tool

It is very important concern of the investigator or policing agencies to analyze of crime information to determine the modus operandi of the enemy it also crime analysis study of historical data . Crime pattern analysis is most effective when applied to offenses that have a high probability of recurrence .

Their seven crime analysis functions were identified as being universal for effective law enforcement operation.

1. Crime pattern – to monitors and discovers crime geographical location of occurrence time of occurrence , modus operandi (M.O) information.

2. Crime Suspect Correlation – it refer to some activities for example information to operational personnel on possible subject.

3. Target Profile – it involves in-dept analysis of victimized person and / or premises.

4. Forecast crime potential – to predict the exam time and location

5. Exception deport – it is monitoring at fixed interval daily or monthly of occurrence  crime incident , cit wide or geographical.

6. Forecast crime trends – using historical by crime data , statistical methods and techniques.

7. Resource Allocation – examples of this are patrol operation , criminal investigation to achieve some department operations goal and objectives

Chapter 4.

Investigative Model

Traditional police work has relied almost exclusively on the use of descriptive and explanatory models of investigative we provide the receptive investigator with a different conceptual orientation to the processing information and crime related data police work are very difficult because detectives generally see their real works as closing case , developing informants , working stakeouts , and searching for the perpetrator of a particular crime.






Chapter 5

The Confidential Informant Management and Control

Motives, motivation and informant control

Although its difficult to set forth specific role and principles regarding the relationship between an investigator and informant because each relationship is unique , general concept and instruction can be provided particularly for those entering a career in investigations . Often , person having access to information vital solution of crime are most often involve with or socially linked to that criminal activity.

Chapter 6

Legal Boundaries of Crime Scenes and Interview Investigations

We need to study for proper investigations because you failed your work if he did not know what are processing in investigation there is a tendency as the investigators becomes aware of various  “ exclusionary rules “ and debates over them to lose sight of the fact specific roles such as these exist within long established , broader constitutional mandates most of the basic law criminal investigator need to know is within courses and books on criminal law constitutional criminal procedure , and evidence . The best solution for the studying the case of criminal.

Chapter 7

Life Imitating Art : Interpreting Information from Electronic Surveillance

The tendency of the electronic devices for surveillance to get information that is the good idea for using electronic device for the purposes of effective planning of investigation to help to determine the modus operandi of  criminal act. The purpose of electronic device getting information and gathering evidence.

Chapter 8.

Investigation of Sexual Misadventure deaths

Most problem encountered today is sexual misadventure deaths because the reason why doing that kind of habit because of lack of parental guidance of the family , poverty and injustice but sometimes sexual misadventure has solution to stop it (example) Religious belief , Social , Economic, Moral , Political Reason. It may prove and extraordinary challenge to the investigator and conclusion based on error may have tragic resolve additional research is necessary to developed a better understanding of autoerotic behaviour

Chapter 9

Police Testimony and the Culmination of Investigation : Judges Perception

Where talking about the police feed back for the credibility sometime laws enforcement official called will note that their officer are not prepared for court and that this lack of preparation has a strong negative effect upon the officer’s credibility.

Book title: The criminal events
second edition:
author:Vincent F. Sacco
            Leslie W. Kennedy

chapter 1.
          In this chapter includes the conceptualizing crime as to its crime as law breaking, crime itself, the politics, and the law. it also introduce the precursors,transactions, and its aftermath of the  criminal event. in this chapter they also stated the criminal domains such as measuring criminal events.

chapter 2.
        In this chapter includes the main actors in the criminal event i have learned about the offenders,the victims, the victims and the offenders together which includes their physical, emotional, behavioral consequences.

chapter 3.
          In this chapter covered the social context of criminal events wherein includes the places for crime, the social disorganization theory, also the routine activities and lifestyle exposure theory and lastly the community reaction to crime.

chapter 4.
        This chapter indicated the private places such as the family and the household wherein they also state some data about 
violence in the household, also the household target as to property crime.

chapter 5.
        This chapter contains the semi-private places such as crime, employment, and unemployment, crime as a legitimate work, and also the enterprise crime versus organized crime.

chapter 6.
        This chapter talk about the public places wherein leisure as a corrupter, the tourism and the relationship between leisure and crime has several interesting dimensions.

chapter 7.
        In this chapter as the final chapter of the book. it comprises of how to apply criminal event analysis, wherein the book tells about the  crime prevention through opportunity reduction also the community - based policing, the crime prevention through social development.     
           
 

CRIME SCENE INVESTIGATION
(C.S.I)

THOMAS F. ADAMS
JEFFREY L. KRUSTINGER

CHAPTER ONE

OVERVIEW



        IN THIS OVERVIEW CHAPTER, WE HAVE COVERED MANY TOPICS, SOME OF WHICH WE WILL DISCUSS IN MORE DETAIL LATER IN BOOK. IT IS ABSOLUTELY ESSENTIAL THAT YOUR INVESTIGATION BE THOROUGH AND COMPLETE.  ALTHOUGH SOME PEOPLE GENERALLY PRESUME THAT A WELL-TRAINED POLICE OFFICER DOES GOOD WORK AS A MATTTER OF ROUTINE, WE KNOW THAT ALL OFFICER ARE NOT EQUALLY EFFICIENT AND THAT MANY MAKE SERIOUS ERRORS IN SPITE OF THEIR TRAINING.FOR THAT REASON, YOU SHOULD EXPECT CRITICAL REVIEW OF YOUR WORK FROM MANY DIRECTIONS.ALTHOUGH THE FOURTH AMENDMENT RULES CONCERNING SEARCH AND SEIZURE DO NOT GENERALLY APPLY TO CRIME SCENE INVESTIGATIONS, THERE ARE MANY ANCILLARY SEARCHES WHEN YOU MAY HAVE TO ADHERE TO THE RULES CLOSELY.


ALL ELEMENTS OF THE CRIME, OR THE CORPUS DELICTI, MUST BE PROVEN IN ORDER FOR YOU TO ESTABLISH THAT A CRIME HAS, IN FACT, BEEN COMMITTED AND THESE ELEMENTS ARE PROVEN BY EITHER OR BY CIRCUMSTANTIAL EVIDENCE.EVIDENTIARY VALUES OF CERTAIN OBJECTS OR INFORMATION VARY WITH EACH SITUATION, BUT IN THIS CHAPTER WE HAVE DISCUSSED SOME OF CRITERIA FOR DETERMINING THOSE VALUES. KEEP IN MIND THAT RULES OF DISCOVERY REQUIRE THAT BOTH PROSECUTION AND DEFENSE SHARE INFORMATION SO THAT THERE ARE FEW SECRETS PRIOR TO A DURING THE TRIAL.


WE ROUNDED OUT THE CHAPTER WITH DISCUSSION OF THE THEORY OF TRANSFER AND THE CHAIN OF EVIDENCE CUSTODY PRECAUTIONS TO TAKE TO AVOID ACCUSATIONS OR THEFT DAMAGE TO THE PROPERTY OF VICTIMS OR OTHER PERSONS INVOLVED IN YOUR INVESTIGATIONS, AND ONE OF THE MOST IMPORTANT TOPICS OF ALL: MEDIA RELATIONS. WE ARE PUBLIC SERVANTS AND NEED TO KEEP THE PUBLIC INFORMED ABOUT OUR ACTIVITIES, BUT CERTAININFORMATIN MUST BE WITHELD TO ASSURE THE CONFIDENTIALITY OF OUR CASES UNTIL THE FACTS ARE PRESENTED AT THE APPROPRIATETIME IN COURT.SOMETIMES IN PUTS US AT ODDS WITH CERTAIN MEMEBER OF THE MEDIA, WHO ARE PUSHED TO THE LIMITS BY THIER EDITORS ANDSTATION MANAGER TO BEAT THE COMPETITION WITH ''EXCLUSIVES'' AND ''FIRST'' ON THE SCENE''SITUATIONS. LEAVE THIS TO THE MEDIA EXPERTS IN YOUR OWN DEPARTMENT AND KEEP YOUR OWN CUNSEL, LIMITING YOUR REPORTING TO YOUR REPORTS AND TO YOUR SUPERVISORS.









CHAPTER TWO

THE CRIME SCENE KIT


          IN THIS CHAPTER WE HAVE ATTEMPTED TO MAKE AS COMPLETE A LIST AS POSSIBLE FOR YOUR BASIS CRIME SCENE INVESTIGATION KIT. WE SUGGEST THAT YOU USE IT.WHEN PUTTING YOUR KIT TOGETHER, AND WHEN YOU PREPARE YOUR INVENTORY LIST.


CHPATER THREE

THE INITIAL RESPONSE

        ACCEPTING THE ASSIGMENT TO INVESTIGATE THE CRIME SCENE AND GETTINGTO THAT SCENE QUICKLY AND SAFELY ARE CRICIAL TO THE SUCCESS OF THGE INVESTIGATION BUT YOUR RESPONSIBILITY AS A TEAM MEMBER, OBSERVING AND REPORTING EVERY THING THAT COMES TO YOUR ATTENTION THAT MAY HELP IN SOLVING THE CASE. IN THIS CHAPTER, WE HAVE GONE THROUGH A STEP-BY-STEP PROCEDURE OF WHAT TO DO FROM THE TIME YOU FIRST RECIEVE THE CALL TO GO TO THE SCENE UNTIL YOU HAVE ARRIVED AND BEGUN YOUR PART OF THE INVESTIGATION.

CHAPTER FOUR

THE CRIME SCENE SEARCH

          THE SEARCH IS ONE OF THE MOST IMPORTANT PARTS OF ANY CRIME INVESTIGATIO. NO MATTER HOW HARD YOU TRY TO DO IT BETTER LATER, THE FIRST TIME YOUSEARCH MUST BE YOUR BEST AND MAY BE THE ONLY CHANCE TO CONDUCT A FULLSEARCH.MISSED EVIDENCE AND CRUCIAL BITS OF DATA WILL BE LOST FOREVER BECAUSE OF DELIBERATE OR ACCIDENTAL EFFORTS OF THE OCCUPANTS OF THE PREMISES, WHETHER INTERIOR, TO CLEAN UP AFTER THE CRIME. VICTIMS WILL HAVE TO CLEAN UP BEFORE RESUMING THEIR LIVES AT THE LOCATION, AND FOR THEMTHE SOONER THE BETTER. OUTSIDE, GARDENERS AND CLEANUP CREWS FOR THE RESUMPTION OF NORMALCY WILL CHANGE MANY THINGS, WHATEVER THAT MIGHT BE.

BE PRECISE AND THOROUGH IN YOUR SEARCH, AND KEEP AN OPEN MIND. IF YOUR LOOKING FOR WHATEVER MAY PRESENT IT TO YOU, YOU ARE MORE LIKELY TO FIND IT THAN IF YOU HAVE A PRECONCEIVED IDEA ABOUT WHAT YOU ARE GOING TO FIND. IT IS SORT OF LIKE SAYING:''IF ONLY I HAVE TWO GOOD PIECES OF EVIDENCE I CAN SOLVE THIS CASE.'' YOU FIND THE TWO ITEMS YOU WERE LOOKING FOR, THEN STOP. THAT IS CERTAINLY NO WAY TO CONDUCT AN INVESTIGATION. YOU CAN NEVER COLLECT TOO MUCH EVIDENCE. LET THE FACTS TELL YOU WHAT HAPPENED RATHER THAN SHAPING THE FACTS TELL YOU WHAT HAPPENED RATHER THAN SHAPING THE FACTS TO FIT YOUR HYPOTHESIS.




CHAPTER FIVE

EVIDENCE COLLECTION

            AS YOU CAN SEE, EVIDENCE COMES IN MANY SHAPRES AND GUISES, SOMETIMES PRESENTING ITSELF TO YOU WHEN ITSELF TO YOU WHEN YOU DO NOT EVEN RECOGNIZE IT AS EVIDENCE.CONSIDER THE TYPE OF CRIME YOU ARE INVESTIGATING AND SEEK OUT THOSE ITEMS OF EVIDENCE TO PROVE EACH ELEMENTS OF THHE CORPUS DELICTI, THEN LOOK WHATEVER ELSE YOU CAN FIND THAT MIGTH BE EVEN REMOTELY RELATED TO THE CASE. SOMETIMES ONE CRIME IS COMMITTED TO COVER ANOTHER, SUCH AS ARSON TO CONCEAL A MURDER, OR A SO CALLED ''VICTIM'' MAY FABRICATE A CRIME STORY AND CREATE A CRIME, IF ANY, TOOK PLACE, AND TO COLLECT AS MUCH EVIDENCE AS POSSIBLETO ESTABLISH THE FACTS.REMEMBER THAT YOU CAN NEVER COLLECT TOO MUCH EVIDENCE.

CHAPTER SIX

EVIDENCE BY TYPE OF CRIME

CRIMES AGAINST PERSON

: CRIMINAL HOMICIDE
: ASSULT
: MURDER
: CHILD ABUSE
: KIDNAP
: SEX CRIMES
CRIMES AGAINST PROPERTY
: ARSON
: AUTHO THEFT
: BURGLARY
: THEFT
: ROBBERY

                                        SUMMARY

            PERHAPS SEVERAL OF THE SUGGESTION IN THIS CHAPTER MAY AID IN YOUR CRIME SCENE AND DO NOT FIND ALL THE EVIDENCE YOU ARE LOOKING FOR. IN SOME CASES YOU MAY NOT FIND ANY EVIDENCE AT ALL.ALL WHAT IS THAT YOUR SEARCH MUST BE AS THROUGH AS POSSIBLE AND NOT BE SLOPPY OR UNPROFESSIONAL. HOME RUN CHAMPIONS STRIKE OUT HALF OF THE TIME AT BAT, AND YOU ARE GOING TO STRIKE OUT SOMETIMES.NEVER APPROACH A CRIME SCENE WITH A DEFEATIST ATTITUDE THAT THERE IS NO USE SEARCHING BECAUSE YOU ARE NOT GOING TO FIND ANYTHING.ALWAYS OPERATE ON THE THEORY THAT THE PERPETRATOR LEAVES SOMETHING AT THE SCENE AND TAKES SOMETHING AWAY FROM THE SCENE. MANY TIMES IT MAY ONLY BE A MEMORY OR A SHADOW, BUT PERHAPS FORENSIC SCINCE WILL BE DEVELOPED TO THE POINT SOMEDAY THAT EVEN MEMORIES AND SHADOWS MAY BE TURNED INTO TANGIBLE EVIDENCE.


  CHAPTER SEVEN

IMPRESSION EVIDENCE


: EVIDENTIARY VALUE OF IMPRESSION EVIDENCE
: THE SEARCH
: PHOTOGRAPHING THE IMPRESSION
: MAKING THE CAST
: WATER-FILLED IMPRESSIONS
: CASTING TOOL MARKS AND SMALL IMPRESSIONS
:

SUMMARY


          DO NOT UNDERESTIMATE THE IMPORTANCE OF IMPRESSION EVIDENCE NO MATTER HOW INCONSEQUENTIAL IT MAY SEEM. IT IS OFTEN DIFFICULT TO RECOGNIZE SUCH EVIDENCE AND TIME-CONSUMING TO COLLECT IT, BUT THE TIME OF YOUR INVESTIGATION IT IS ALMOST IMPOSSIBLE TO DIFFERENTIATE BETWEEN CRITICAL AND NONCRITICAL EVIDENCE.LATER, WHEN YOU AND YOUR COLLEAGUES ARE PUTTING THE CASE TOGETHER, YOU WILL REALIZE HOW IMPORTANT SUCH EVIDENCE IS TO THE CASE.


CHAPTER EIGHT

FINGERPRINTS


      SUMMARY

    FINGERPRINTS WILL CONTINUE TO BE USED AS A PRINCIPAL MEANS OF POSITIVELY IDENTIFYING PEOPLE. FOR THAT REASON IT IS IMPERATIVE THAT YOU METICULOUSLY SEARCH EVERY CRIME SCENE FOR PRINTS LEFT BEHIND BY THE PERPETRATORS,EVEN THOUGH YOU WILL NOT FIND AT MANY OF THE SCENE.


CHAPTER NINE

DOCUMENTING THE CRIME

                                                    SUMMARY
            NO MATTER HOW GREAT A JOB YOU DO SEARCHING FOR, AND COLLECTING EVIDENCE, NOBODY WILL KNOW WHAT KIND OF A JOB YOU HAVE DONE UNLESS YOU PREPARE ACCURATE AND COMPLETE REPORTS, TAKE GOOD PHOTOGRAPHS. AND DRAW SCKETCHES THAT EXPLAIN THEMSELVES.THE VISUAL PRESENTATION IS AS IMPORTANT AS THE REPORT, AS THEY EACH COMPLEMENT THE OTHER, AND THEY SERVE AS MEMORY JOGGERS AND SCENE MANAGEMENT TOOLS. THERE MAY BE TIMES WHEN YOU WILL OVERLOOK A VERY CRUCIAL PIECE OF EVIDENCE WHILE CONDUCTING THE INITIAL SEARCH.THEN LATER WHEN YOU ARE REVIEWING THE PHOTOGRAPHS (AND VIDEOTAPE IF YOU WERE ABLE TO USE A CAMCORDER), YOU WILL SEE WHAT YOU MISSED, AND YOU MAY BE ABLE TO RETRIEVE IT BEFORE IT IS DESTROYED OR DISAPPEARS.
A PROFESSIONAL ATHLETE IS ONLY AS GOOD AS HIS HER LAST GAME, COUPLED WITH THE STATISTICS. YOUR STATISTICS WILL BE BASED ON HOW WELL YOU USE THESE THREE TOOLS IN RECORDING YOUR INVESTIGATION OF CRIME SCENES,THE REPORT,THE PHOTOGRAPS,AND THE SKETCH.

             
CHAPTER TEN
THE CRIME LABORATORY

: THE MICROSCOPE                                                                        : BIOLOGICAL MICROSCOPE
: STEREOSCOPIC BINOCULAR MICROSCOPE                                    : BALLISTICS EXPERT
: GAS CHROATOGRAPH                                                                    : SPECTROPHOTOMETER
: NEUTRON ACTIVATION ANALYSIS                                                  : WET CHEMISTRY ANALYSIS
: WET CHEMISTRY                                                                          : X-RAY
: INFRARED                                                                                    : ULTRA VIOLET
: EVIDENCE VACUUM                                                                      : SOUND SPECTROGRAPH
: AUTOMATED FINGERPRINT SYSTEM(AFS)                                        : DNA ANALYSIS
: FORENSIC TOXICOLOGY                                                                : FORENSIC TOXICOLGY
: FORENSIC ANTROPOLOGY                                                              : PRINT AND TRACE EXPERTS
: COMPOSITE DRAWINGS, COMPUTER IMAGING                          :  POLYGRAPH, THE LIE DETECTOR

                                            SUMMARY

            THE CRIME LABORATORY IS VERY MUCH LIKE AN EXPEEIMENTAL LAB. EVEN THOUGH THEY MAY BE CARRYING A HEAVY LOAD ALREADY,MOST OF THE EXPERTS IN THE LAB DO THE BEST THEY CAN HELP THE INVESTIGATORS SOLVE THE CRIME. BEFORE YOU ASSIGNED TO INVESTIGATE CRIME SCENES AS A SPECIALTY, YOU SHOULD VISIT SEVERAL OF THE CRIME LABS IN YOUR AREA AND SEE HOW  THE CRIMINALIST WORK SO THAT YOU MAY HONE YOUR CSI SKILLS AND YOU WILL HAVE A BETTER UNDERSTANDING WHAT THE LAB CAN AND CANNOT DO.


CHAPTER ELEVEN
GOING TO COURT
                                                      SUMMARY
                       
              YOU WILL BE REQUIRED TO PRESENT YOUR EVIDENCE AND TESTIMONY IN COURT AS THE FINAL STEP IN YOUR CRIME SCENE INVESTIGATION PROCESS. THE GENERAL RULE TO FOLLOW IS TO BE ON TIME, BE PROFESSIONAL, AND BE THRUTHFUL.ALWAYS REMEMBER THAT YOU ARE A WITNESS AND NOT AN ADVERSARY. YOUR TESTIMONYAND EVIDENCE SHOULD SPEAK FOR THEMSELVES AS TO YOUR HONESTY AND EFFICIENCY, AND ANY IMPASSIONED PLEA TO THE EMOTIONS OF ONE SIDE OR THE OTHER WILL NOT ENHANCE YOUR IMAGE AS A PROFESSIONAL CRIME SCENE INVESTIGATIONR.BE PROMPT, BE HONEST, AND BE SEATED.THEN, WHEN YOU HAVE FINISHED TESTIFYING, ASK THE JUDGE IF YOU MAY BE EXCUSED AND LEAVE.DON’T HANG AROUND AFTER YOU HAVE TESTIFIEDTO MAKE SURE THE ‘’SCUMBAG GETS HIS DUE.’’ READ ABOUT THE IT IN THE NEWSPAPER THE NEXT DAY OR CALL THE PROSECUTOR IN A DAY OR TWO AND ASK ABOUT THE OUTCOME OF THE CASE. NOT ONLY MUST YOU BE IMPERSONAL AND FROPESSIONAL IN YOUR PERSONA, BUT YOU MUST BE THOSE THINGS IN THE EYES OF OTHERS.

Gentlemen, i advice you to be more brief....the shorter the better. Dont forget to include tittle, author, edition. For those who have posted earlier, do the necessary editting..

Title: Currents Issues
Author: Ceferino A. Zaide, Adelaida A. Ronquillo, Venancio G. Santiago, Milagros M. Ramos, Catherine B Fabreo, Socorro C. Espiritu


Chapter I: Human Ecology and The Human Settlement

    The program for the development of Human Settlements has been coceive on the basis of our knowledge about Human ecology or the study of the relationship between human beings and their environtment and human settlements. To understand such relationships of the differnt concept a number of ecological procesess concentration, Centralization of the purpose in examining and describing these change ecological processes is to explain how Human settlements change space and under conditons of the environtment.


      A review of different population as well as environttal problems related to poluttion water drainage and soil, erosin, hausing transportation, energy hanger and malnutrition administration or resource management, and water economic and social consequence of rapid population has been made in this chapter in an attemt to comprehen the effects of human activities on the environments. These problems are interconnected


Chapter II: Community Services


        There is a need to make people become aware of the realities of the changing times and the changing social environment. In order to do this, community service has to be available to assist people to meet their basic needs.

 
        There is no doudt that, after the delaration of Martial Law communities have changed and are now in the process of rapid and drastic development. Cognizant of the changes that have occured, the project PANGLILINGKOD:BAGONG LIPUNAN WAS ESTABLSHED eache problems, needs and capabilities.

         
          To properly understand the changes its is necessary that potential participants be given an insigth into how planned change is managed and supervised by means of the social sciences. For intance, social workers use community organization as an instrument in bringing about change. Through this method, coordination and understanding of changes happening in communities leading to community development can be well understood.


Chapter III: Nutrition and Food Production


            A great number of the Philippine population is suffering from malnutrition  because of such factors as the low purchasing power and prohibitive cause of food supply, the lack of knowledge on proper nutrition and essential nutrients, inadequest knowledge in family planning and beliefs and practices influencing food habits. Gravely affected by the nutrition problems are the infants, pre-school and scool children, the pregnant and nursing mothers.


            Guidlines recommended to help solve the problem of malnutrition include wise planning budgetting, selection and proper preparation, cooking and serving of foods to meet the highest standard sanitation, using the rigth food patern, food production and development of the rigth food habits and eating values.

     
Chapter IV: Family Planning In The Philippines


          Family Planning is the process by wich couples may determine the number of children they would have, the spacing of their birth and the time when birth should take place depending on their particular circumstances.


          Family planning has become a national policy of the Philppine government when President Ferdinand E. Marcos signe into law R.A. No. 6365 in 1971 nad issued P.D No. 79 in 1972 Since the family planning program has gained momentum.


          Three very important points of view should be taken into account. The religous sector is divided into the Catholic point of view and the Protestant view point. The stand of the Catholic Church is based on the encylical entitled Humanae Vitae in which artificial forms of birht control are condemend.




Chapter VI: Tourism in the Philippines


              Tourism is concerned with tavel as a means of promoting understanding among people of the world. By travelling to the different scenic beauty spots of the world, one gets a better perspective of life and culture of other people as a result of tourism, the need for different agencies to administer and cater to the comfort and ease of travel as well as to attrack tourists to one's country, it has becoame an industry.


              The Philippines is not an exception toa desire to promote tourism for maximizing the acquisition of foreingn currency to improve its dollar reserves.


              aware of the tourism potential of the country, the tourism industry gears its efforts toward promotion and publicity campaign of Philippine scenic spots, infrastructure development project on areas with tourism potentials cultural development and restoration of landmarks and shrines, convention promotions, beautification and cleanliness campaign liberalize air policy and establishment of luxurious hotel to accomodate the expensive tourism programs nad projects...

CRIMINOLOGY THE CORE

how is crime defined? how much crime is there, and what are the treads and patters and patters in the crime is rate? how many people fall victimto crime to crime and who is likely to become a crime victime? how did our system of criminal law develop, and what are the basic elements of crimes? what is the science of criminology all about these are some of the core issues that will be addressed in the first there character of this text.

chapter 1 introduces students to the field of crimiology, its nature, area of study methopologies, historical development, and the evolution of criminal law. the other two chapter of part 1 review the various sources of crime data to derive a picture extent of crime, and chapter 3 is devoted to victims and victimization. important stable pattern in the rates of the crime and victimization indicate that these are not random events. the way crime and victimization are organized and patterned profoundly influences how criminology view the causes of crime.

Part 1: CONCEPTS OF CRIME, LAW, AND CRIMINOLOGY.

1. Crime and Criminology.
2. The Nature and Extent of Crime.
3. Victims and Victimization

Part 2: THEORIES OF CRIME CAUSATION.

4. Choice Theory: Because They Want To.
5. Trait Theory: It's in Their Blood.
6. Social Structure Theory: Because They're Poor.
7. Social Process Theory: Socialized To Crime.
8. Social Conflict Theory: It's a Class Thing.
9. Integrated Theory: Things Change.

Part 3: CRIME TYPOLOGIES.


Part 3: CRIME TYPOLOGIES.

10. Violent Crimes.
11. Property Crimes.
12. White-Collar and Organized Crimes.
13. Public Order Crimes. [/right] [/right] [/color]

Title: CRIMINOLOGY AND PENOLOGY
Author: Dr. REJANDRA K. SHARMA


CHAPTER I

I. CRIMINOLOGY

In this chapter contains the definition of Criminology, Methods of Criminology, School of Criminology and the Types of Crime.
 
Criminology defined "as the body of body of knowledge regarding crimes as a social phenomenon."

Methods of criminology talks about the statistics of crime, statistics of traits and conditions of criminals, individual case study method and the study of criminals in natural environments.

School of criminology, here were introduced about all the main school of criminology, which are:
 
· Pre-Scientific or demonological School.
· Free will school.
· Classical School.
· Ecological School and,
· The Sociological School.



Types of Crime, here where discussed the main ideas of Lombrosian theory of criminal behavior, which are the following:

· Born Criminal.
· Casual criminal.

Casual Criminal maybe further subdivided in three Categories, which are:

a) Habitual Criminals.
b) Criminaloid.
c) Pseudo Criminals.

· Sex Criminals.
· Epileptic Criminals.


CHAPTER II
DEVIANCE

Crime defined as the anti-social behavior, which a group rejects and to which it attaches penalties.


This chapter was critically examined some of the contributions. Like the characteristics of crime, which are:

· Harm.
· Illegal.
· Malafide Intention.
· Criminal intention.
· Concurrence of intention and conduct.
· Prescription of punishment.


On this part they also discussed the social causes of crime. The main socials of crime are as follows:

· Family and Crime;
· Absence of Social Control;
· Defective Education;
· Cinema;
· News Paper;
· Used of Alcohol;
· Prohibition of Widow Remarriage;
· Defects of Marriage and Dowry System;
· Religion and,
· Change in Social Values.

Chapter II discussed about:
· Crime.
· Criminal Tribes.
· White-collar crime.
· Juvenile delinquency.
· Prostitution.
· Suicide.
· Alcoholism and
· Drug Addiction.

CHAPTER III
PENOLOGY

 

The world penology is derived from two Greek words: POINE and LOGOS.
Poine means punishment and the meaning of Logos is discourse. Thus the penology means discourse about punishment or a science of punishment. In the modern parlance it means it means the study of punishment in relation to crime and the derivative meaning is the management of prisons. The main problems which are studies under penology are:

1) Nature and scope of Penology.
2) Methods of Penology.
3) Purpose and Object of Penology.
4) Theory of Penology and
5) Significance and Value of Penology.


SILIENT FEATURES OF PENOLOGY

In order to appreciate the whole range of penology, it as necessary to understand the salient feature of penology. The eminent criminologist D.R. Taft has enumerated the following salient features of penology:

a) Penology is a technique of punishment and reform of criminals.
b) It is the function of criminology to formulate effective and constructive techniques.
c) Penology helps in establishing and managing the institution of reform, probation and correction.
d) Besides helping the reform of criminals, penology also helps in bringing about social harmony and peace.
e) Penology formulates and applies certain collective principles for the reform of society in general and of the criminals in particular.



  THE SHOOL OF PENOLOGY

· Classical School
· Positive School

Classical School was founded in the 18th century and became popular soon.

Positive School the second prominent School of penology. It arose as a reaction to the views of the classical school.



INDIAN PENAL CODE

In order to facilitate study the history of Indian penology may be divided into the following Periods:


a) Vedic Period.
b) Pre-Buddhist Period.
c) Epic Period.
d) Classical Period.
e) Medieval Period.
f) Maratha Period.
g) Modern Period and
h) Post-Independence Period.




THEORIES OF PUNISHMENT

Of the various theories of punishment the following three are the most important and typical’ which are:

· Retributive Theory
· Preventive Theory
· Reformative Theory


TYPES OF PUNISHMENT

In Indian penal code along with various types of crimes the maximum penalty in the respect of each is also prescribed. The main types of punishment are given below:


1. Capital Punishment.
2. Transportation or Exile to some sparsely inhabited land.
3. Penal servitude.
4. Imprisonment.
5. Forfeiture of Property.
6. Fine and
7. Whipping.


· CAPITAL PUNISHMENT

· THE CRIME ATTRACTING CAPITAL PUNISHMENT
· HANGING FESTIVALS
· METHODS OF EXECUTING DEATH PENALTY
· ARGUMENT IN FAVOUR OF CAPITAL PUNISMENT
· ARGUMENTS AGAINST CAPITAL PUNISHMENT
· THE CAUSE OF SERIOUS CRIME
· THE DEATHPENALTY AND CRIMINAL
· THE CAPITAL PUNISHMENT AND SOCIETY
· HUMANITARIANISM AND DEATH PENALTY




I. PRISON AND PRISON REFORMS


II. CORRECTIONAL ADMINISTRATION


III. CRIMANAL LAW

IV. POLICE AND COURTS

Security management
By:P.J Ormeier

Chapter 1

     Theoretical foundation for security is based on several assumption First, individuals choose over pain and often make inappropriate decision in search of gratification. Second, individuals commit crime when condition exist that promote suitable target of apparently and the influence of social control is lacking. Third the opportunity for crime can be reduced through magnification of the environment. Fourth, in addition to the threat of criminal behavior numerous human activities and natural phenomena create situation through Whit great harm may occur if appropriate prevention and intervention strategies are not implemented.

Chapter 2

     In early times, protection of person and property was the responsibility of individuals, clans,tribes social control was maintained through custom, and redress of grievance was handled informally by the individual or group. In 2100 B.C the code of Hammurabi represented the first written laws designed prescribe the responsibilities of individual to the group. In 1500 B.C Egypt created a judiciary system, and in 1400 B.C amenhot ed pharaoh of Egypt, developed customs houses and marine patrols.  

Chapter 3

     The possibility of accident, humanerror, fire, natural and environmental disaster, liability, substance abuse, civil disorder, and crime parse thetas to individuals, organization, and nations, The majority of loss events caused by these threats can be prevented if adequate precautionary measure are taken. Carelessness cause most accidents, error, and fire. The damage from natural and environmental disaster can be minimized. Liability can be mitigated substance abuse can be presented and substance abuser treated. The damage form civil disorder can be decreased if adequate contingency plans are in place and activated when the need arises many crimes against person and property can be pervented and offenders quickly apprehended if comprehensive strategies are developed to deter, deny, detect and Teuton those WHO persist in the violation of society  

Chapter 4

     In those chapter its talk about the legal aspects of security management. In criminal cases and plaintiff in civil cases have a burden to proceed first. The defendant can be formally charge through on indictment from a Gran jury or through an information or similar camptaint filed by persecutor. The civil action are intuited through a comptaint filed by plaintiff, the trial juries are randomly selected initially then proceed through a final selection to the truth. The administration laws agencies promulgate rules and regulation that prescribes duties and responsibilities of individuals and organization.

Chapter 5

       Risk maybe defined as responsibility of suffering harm or loss,exposure to the probability of loss or damage,an element of uncertainty,or the possibility that results of an action may not be consistent with the planned or expected out comes.Risk management techniques involve elimination,reduction and mitigation of risk,as well as a determination of asset vulnerability and the probability and criticality of loss.
       Risk assessment are accomplished using a variety of subjective and objective measures in security is conducted utilizing a security survey instrument.The risk management and security survey  
represent the initial step in planning process.The initial step is followed by the development of alternative courses of action and selection of the action plan.The potential financial impact of each plan must be determined through the creation of the budget.
      In program implementation involve the development and acquisition of an organization stature, staff, equipment and facilities policy and procedure statement. The security program administration emerges as a mechanism to cooperate Whit others to achieve organization gaols.

Chapter 6    

     In this chapter its involve the use of system and countermeasure to control access. The outer and inner and perimeter controls, natural barriers building exteriors and interiors, lighting, fencing, lock, and visual assessment surveillance, alarm and fire protection to detect rapidly the kinds of accident and to protect the human and property. In hum am protection systems include the use of security and other personnel to monitor nonhuman system, manage The safety and security program, and take appropriate action if necessary.

Chapter 7

     Personnel security involves the protection of individuals internally, personnel security begins With in effective recruitment, selection, and preemployment screening strategy, its also involves the use of physical securityand other measure to prevent human threats against personnel and property from materialzing. Personnel management involves training, scheduling, and effective supervision of employees should adhere to a code of ethics and standards of professional conduct, and appropriate values should  be promote. ethical Behavior must emanate from the organization as well as the individual employee.

Chapter 8

     In this chapter talk about critical information all forms and types of tangible and intangible information. The protection of critical information is vital to organization, nation, and individuals. Critical information include environmental and natural disaster, fire, accident and intentional or unintentional human action.        

Chapter 9

     Investigation is a systematic process through which information is gathered, analyzed, and reported to determined the cause of accident. most office building are open to public providing easy to access for criminal offender. The privatization of public, service is expounding as private providers assume safety and security.

COMMUNICATION FOR JUSTICE ADMINISTRATION

                                                          BY HARRY KNIGHT AND WALTER STEVENSON

CHAPTER 1

  In this chapter although we are using a model to study communication,actual communication is not that simple. In this complex series of transactions we can isolate five steps.Encoding,transmitting,receiving,decoding, and responding. In reality, however, They are not isolated steps following a neatly per determined pattern. Feedback and distortion complicate the model so that it more closely represents reality. But even then we can understand them better. Sometimes the five step process is not completed because of distortion.

CHAPTER 2

          In this chapter i was able to learned the five steps involved in preparing the message help the communicator find a place to start. They are essentially involved in the encoding process. These steps focus the attention of the communicator who is encoding on the needs of himself and others, on the thinking from which his ideas will proceed, on the format that will best serve his needs, on the various possibilities of organisation, and on the kinds of words he will use.

CHAPTER 3

    In this chapter understanding of the role of non verbals in the communication interchange can help you become a more effective communicator. Be cautious not to use your understanding of the role of nonverbal glibly. Be aware that are many factors which create a context for the interpretation of nonverbal communications. Non verbals are powerful communicators but the sources of meaning are complex. Use your understanding of non verbals to give you feedback as to how you are doing as a communicator. The effective communicator understands this complexity, even though he may not be able to identify the source of each of the meanings communicated non verbally. He respect individual differences and looks for configurations of non verbals. he sees the message being communicated not only in others,non verbals, but in his own as well.

CHAPTER 4

    This chapter i was able to defined interviewing as a process which can be analysed in terms of the kinds of questions asked. Three kinds of questions we discussed: direct; reflective; and non directive. The pursuit of quick information by interrogation was contrasted with interviewing techniques to show the different strategies and methods used by each to achieve their distinct ends.

CHAPTER 5

    This chapter contrasted giving orders with interviewing. It discussed  giving orders in terms of the type of transmission used, responsibility for the message, style of control, time needs, goal formulation, and feedback. it presented accuracy and clarity checklists for revising orders. Finally, it suggested ways of both avoiding and responding to misinterpretation.

CHAPTER 6

  This chapter discussed the relationship of past experience, feelings and attitudes to communications. The point of view was that of communication outward, rather than psychological analysis inward. The study of communication is not complete without a discussion of past experience, feelings and attitudes because the covert messages involved may carry as much meaning as the accompanying overt messages.

CHAPTER 7

  This chapter is dialects and argots of American English have developed as American society has grown and changed. Each group contributing to this growth and change has also contributed cultural concepts. Some of these concepts create barriers to communication; others provide a common ground for communicators. Judgments  based on the language use, influence encoding and decoding in the same way cultural concepts do. In both cases, assumptions must be explored and discussed if communication is to be complete.

CHAPTER 8

    This chapter writing is a medium for transmitting the message. Writing strategies help the writer in encoding the message. This chapter discussed Exposition, Argumentation, Description, and Narration.The writer choice of strategies is based on his assessment of the overall direction of his written message.

CHAPTER 9

This chapter Police academies teach uniform standards of police report writing; Individual departments have their own particular requirements for the police report. communications skills, used in writing the police report, help create public documents which are useful, and which favourably represent the writers organisation. This chapter has presented specific techniques for writing clear and accurate police reports.v